Date and time functions and operators#
These functions and operators operate on date and time data types.
Date and time operators#
Operator |
Example |
Result |
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Time zone conversion#
The AT TIME ZONE
operator sets the time zone of a timestamp:
SELECT timestamp '2012-10-31 01:00 UTC';
-- 2012-10-31 01:00:00.000 UTC
SELECT timestamp '2012-10-31 01:00 UTC' AT TIME ZONE 'America/Los_Angeles';
-- 2012-10-30 18:00:00.000 America/Los_Angeles
Date and time functions#
- current_date#
Returns the current date as of the start of the query.
- current_time#
Returns the current time with time zone as of the start of the query.
- current_timestamp#
Returns the current timestamp with time zone as of the start of the query, with
3
digits of subsecond precision,
- current_timestamp(p)
Returns the current timestamp with time zone as of the start of the query, with
p
digits of subsecond precision:SELECT current_timestamp(6); -- 2020-06-24 08:25:31.759993 America/Los_Angeles
- current_timezone() varchar #
Returns the current time zone in the format defined by IANA (e.g.,
America/Los_Angeles
) or as fixed offset from UTC (e.g.,+08:35
)
- date(x) date #
This is an alias for
CAST(x AS date)
.
- last_day_of_month(x) date #
Returns the last day of the month.
- from_iso8601_timestamp(string) timestamp(3) with time zone #
Parses the ISO 8601 formatted date
string
, optionally with time and time zone, into atimestamp(3) with time zone
. The time defaults to00:00:00.000
, and the time zone defaults to the session time zone:SELECT from_iso8601_timestamp('2020-05-11'); -- 2020-05-11 00:00:00.000 America/Vancouver SELECT from_iso8601_timestamp('2020-05-11T11:15:05'); -- 2020-05-11 11:15:05.000 America/Vancouver SELECT from_iso8601_timestamp('2020-05-11T11:15:05.055+01:00'); -- 2020-05-11 11:15:05.055 +01:00
- from_iso8601_timestamp_nanos(string) timestamp(9) with time zone #
Parses the ISO 8601 formatted date and time
string
. The time zone defaults to the session time zone:SELECT from_iso8601_timestamp_nanos('2020-05-11T11:15:05'); -- 2020-05-11 11:15:05.000000000 America/Vancouver SELECT from_iso8601_timestamp_nanos('2020-05-11T11:15:05.123456789+01:00'); -- 2020-05-11 11:15:05.123456789 +01:00
- from_iso8601_date(string) date #
Parses the ISO 8601 formatted date
string
into adate
. The date can be a calendar date, a week date using ISO week numbering, or year and day of year combined:SELECT from_iso8601_date('2020-05-11'); -- 2020-05-11 SELECT from_iso8601_date('2020-W10'); -- 2020-03-02 SELECT from_iso8601_date('2020-123'); -- 2020-05-02
- at_timezone(timestamp, zone) timestamp(p) with time zone #
Change the time zone component of
timestamp
with precisionp
tozone
while preserving the instant in time.
- with_timezone(timestamp, zone) timestamp(p) with time zone #
Returns a timestamp with time zone from
timestamp
with precisionp
andzone
.
- from_unixtime(unixtime) timestamp(3) with time zone #
Returns the UNIX timestamp
unixtime
as a timestamp with time zone.unixtime
is the number of seconds since1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC
.
- from_unixtime(unixtime, zone) timestamp(3) with time zone
Returns the UNIX timestamp
unixtime
as a timestamp with time zone usingzone
for the time zone.unixtime
is the number of seconds since1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC
.
- from_unixtime(unixtime, hours, minutes) timestamp(3) with time zone
Returns the UNIX timestamp
unixtime
as a timestamp with time zone usinghours
andminutes
for the time zone offset.unixtime
is the number of seconds since1970-01-01 00:00:00
indouble
data type.
- from_unixtime_nanos(unixtime) timestamp(9) with time zone #
Returns the UNIX timestamp
unixtime
as a timestamp with time zone.unixtime
is the number of nanoseconds since1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000000 UTC
:SELECT from_unixtime_nanos(100); -- 1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000100 UTC SELECT from_unixtime_nanos(DECIMAL '1234'); -- 1970-01-01 00:00:00.000001234 UTC SELECT from_unixtime_nanos(DECIMAL '1234.499'); -- 1970-01-01 00:00:00.000001234 UTC SELECT from_unixtime_nanos(DECIMAL '-1234'); -- 1969-12-31 23:59:59.999998766 UTC
- localtime#
Returns the current time as of the start of the query.
- localtimestamp#
Returns the current timestamp as of the start of the query, with
3
digits of subsecond precision.
- localtimestamp(p)
Returns the current timestamp as of the start of the query, with
p
digits of subsecond precision:SELECT localtimestamp(6); -- 2020-06-10 15:55:23.383628
- now() timestamp(3) with time zone #
This is an alias for
current_timestamp
.
- to_iso8601(x) varchar #
Formats
x
as an ISO 8601 string.x
can be date, timestamp, or timestamp with time zone.
- to_milliseconds(interval) bigint #
Returns the day-to-second
interval
as milliseconds.
- to_unixtime(timestamp) double #
Returns
timestamp
as a UNIX timestamp.
Note
The following SQL-standard functions do not use parenthesis:
current_date
current_time
current_timestamp
localtime
localtimestamp
Truncation function#
The date_trunc
function supports the following units:
Unit |
Example Truncated Value |
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The above examples use the timestamp 2001-08-22 03:04:05.321
as the input.
- date_trunc(unit, x) [same as input] #
Returns
x
truncated tounit
:SELECT date_trunc('day' , TIMESTAMP '2022-10-20 05:10:00'); -- 2022-10-20 00:00:00.000 SELECT date_trunc('month' , TIMESTAMP '2022-10-20 05:10:00'); -- 2022-10-01 00:00:00.000 SELECT date_trunc('year', TIMESTAMP '2022-10-20 05:10:00'); -- 2022-01-01 00:00:00.000
Interval functions#
The functions in this section support the following interval units:
Unit |
Description |
---|---|
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Milliseconds |
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Seconds |
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Minutes |
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Hours |
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Days |
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Weeks |
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Months |
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Quarters of a year |
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Years |
- date_add(unit, value, timestamp) [same as input] #
Adds an interval
value
of typeunit
totimestamp
. Subtraction can be performed by using a negative value:SELECT date_add('second', 86, TIMESTAMP '2020-03-01 00:00:00'); -- 2020-03-01 00:01:26.000 SELECT date_add('hour', 9, TIMESTAMP '2020-03-01 00:00:00'); -- 2020-03-01 09:00:00.000 SELECT date_add('day', -1, TIMESTAMP '2020-03-01 00:00:00 UTC'); -- 2020-02-29 00:00:00.000 UTC
- date_diff(unit, timestamp1, timestamp2) bigint #
Returns
timestamp2 - timestamp1
expressed in terms ofunit
:SELECT date_diff('second', TIMESTAMP '2020-03-01 00:00:00', TIMESTAMP '2020-03-02 00:00:00'); -- 86400 SELECT date_diff('hour', TIMESTAMP '2020-03-01 00:00:00 UTC', TIMESTAMP '2020-03-02 00:00:00 UTC'); -- 24 SELECT date_diff('day', DATE '2020-03-01', DATE '2020-03-02'); -- 1 SELECT date_diff('second', TIMESTAMP '2020-06-01 12:30:45.000000000', TIMESTAMP '2020-06-02 12:30:45.123456789'); -- 86400 SELECT date_diff('millisecond', TIMESTAMP '2020-06-01 12:30:45.000000000', TIMESTAMP '2020-06-02 12:30:45.123456789'); -- 86400123
Duration function#
The parse_duration
function supports the following units:
Unit |
Description |
---|---|
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Nanoseconds |
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Microseconds |
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Milliseconds |
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Seconds |
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Minutes |
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Hours |
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Days |
- parse_duration(string) interval #
Parses
string
of formatvalue unit
into an interval, wherevalue
is fractional number ofunit
values:SELECT parse_duration('42.8ms'); -- 0 00:00:00.043 SELECT parse_duration('3.81 d'); -- 3 19:26:24.000 SELECT parse_duration('5m'); -- 0 00:05:00.000
- human_readable_seconds(double) varchar #
Formats the double value of
seconds
into a human readable string containingweeks
,days
,hours
,minutes
, andseconds
:SELECT human_readable_seconds(96); -- 1 minute, 36 seconds SELECT human_readable_seconds(3762); -- 1 hour, 2 minutes, 42 seconds SELECT human_readable_seconds(56363463); -- 93 weeks, 1 day, 8 hours, 31 minutes, 3 seconds
MySQL date functions#
The functions in this section use a format string that is compatible with
the MySQL date_parse
and str_to_date
functions. The following table,
based on the MySQL manual, describes the format specifiers:
Specifier |
Description |
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Abbreviated weekday name ( |
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Abbreviated month name ( |
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Month, numeric ( |
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Day of the month with English suffix ( |
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Day of the month, numeric ( |
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Day of the month, numeric ( |
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Fraction of second (6 digits for printing: |
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Hour ( |
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Hour ( |
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Hour ( |
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Minutes, numeric ( |
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Day of year ( |
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Hour ( |
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Hour ( |
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Month name ( |
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Month, numeric ( |
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Time of day, 12-hour (equivalent to |
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Seconds ( |
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Seconds ( |
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Time of day, 24-hour (equivalent to |
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Week ( |
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Week ( |
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Week ( |
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Week ( |
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Weekday name ( |
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Day of the week ( |
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Year for the week where Sunday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with |
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Year for the week, where Monday is the first day of the week, numeric, four digits; used with |
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Year, numeric, four digits |
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Year, numeric (two digits) [2] |
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A literal |
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Warning
The following specifiers are not currently supported: %D %U %u %V %w %X
- date_format(timestamp, format) varchar #
Formats
timestamp
as a string usingformat
:SELECT date_format(TIMESTAMP '2022-10-20 05:10:00', '%m-%d-%Y %H'); -- 10-20-2022 05
- date_parse(string, format)#
Parses
string
into a timestamp usingformat
:SELECT date_parse('2022/10/20/05', '%Y/%m/%d/%H'); -- 2022-10-20 05:00:00.000
Java date functions#
The functions in this section use a format string that is compatible with JodaTime’s DateTimeFormat pattern format.
- format_datetime(timestamp, format) varchar #
Formats
timestamp
as a string usingformat
.
- parse_datetime(string, format) timestamp with time zone #
Parses
string
into a timestamp with time zone usingformat
.
Extraction function#
The extract
function supports the following fields:
Field |
Description |
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The types supported by the extract
function vary depending on the
field to be extracted. Most fields support all date and time types.
- extract(field FROM x) bigint #
Returns
field
fromx
:SELECT extract(YEAR FROM TIMESTAMP '2022-10-20 05:10:00'); -- 2022
Note
This SQL-standard function uses special syntax for specifying the arguments.
Convenience extraction functions#
- day(x) bigint #
Returns the day of the month from
x
.
- day_of_week(x) bigint #
Returns the ISO day of the week from
x
. The value ranges from1
(Monday) to7
(Sunday).
- day_of_year(x) bigint #
Returns the day of the year from
x
. The value ranges from1
to366
.
- dow(x) bigint #
This is an alias for
day_of_week()
.
- doy(x) bigint #
This is an alias for
day_of_year()
.
- hour(x) bigint #
Returns the hour of the day from
x
. The value ranges from0
to23
.
- millisecond(x) bigint #
Returns the millisecond of the second from
x
.
- minute(x) bigint #
Returns the minute of the hour from
x
.
- month(x) bigint #
Returns the month of the year from
x
.
- quarter(x) bigint #
Returns the quarter of the year from
x
. The value ranges from1
to4
.
- second(x) bigint #
Returns the second of the minute from
x
.
- timezone_hour(timestamp) bigint #
Returns the hour of the time zone offset from
timestamp
.
- timezone_minute(timestamp) bigint #
Returns the minute of the time zone offset from
timestamp
.
- year(x) bigint #
Returns the year from
x
.
- yow(x) bigint #
This is an alias for
year_of_week()
.